The life for these agricultural people revolves around their religious beliefs. They have a cycle of religious ceremonies which takes precedence over all else. Their religious beliefs are centered around the three most powerful deities – Earth Mother, Sun Father and Moonlight-Giving Mother. The Sun is especially worshipped. In fact the Zuni words for daylight and life are the same word. The Sun is, therefore, seen as the giver of life. Each person’s life is marked by important ceremonies to celebrate their coming to certain milestones in their existence. Birth, coming of age, marriage and death are especially celebrated.
Coming of age is celebrated differently by boys and girls. A girl who is ready to declare herself as a maiden, will go to the home of her father’s mother early in the morning and grind corn all day long. Corn is a sacred food and a staple in the diet of the Zuni. The girl is, therefore, declaring that she is ready to play a role in the welfare of her people. When it is time for a boy to become a man he will be taken under the wing of a spiritual ‘father’, selected by the parents. This one will instruct the boy through the ceremony to follow. The boy will go through certain initiation rites to enter one of the men’s societies. He will learn how to take on either religious, secular or political duties within that order.
The Zuni are also very family and community oriented and have also endeavoured to live a peaceful non-threatening existence. The Zuni people have traditionally been planters and farmers. Corn has always been the most important crop. An ongoing problem for them has always been the lack of rainfall. The rainfall is very erratic. At times fierce storms can ravage the landscape but more typically precipitation will be erratic and slight. The Zuni, therefore, built dams to collect water. This would allow them the resources to build up storage of their invaluable corn, often having two years worth in reserve. The Zuni men are also hunters. They will go for deer, rabbits, birds and assorted other small animals. The women are responsible for the preparation of food as well as for preparing their own small gardens, located closer to their village. They will grow such things as chilli, herbs and spices.The Zuni are known the world over for the making of pottery, which has been happening from the earliest of times. Traditionally women have been the potters among the Zuni. In recent times, however, more and more men have become potters. Today, there are more male than female potters among the Zuni. Clay for the pottery is sourced locally. It is prepared by grinding, sifting and mixing with water. After the clay is shaped into a vessel or ornament it will be scraped smooth with a scraper. Then a thin layer of finer clay will be applied to the surface for extra smoothness. Next the vessel will be polished with a stone. Then the piece is painted with a traditional yucca brush. To fire the pottery the Zuni use sheep dung. The kilns used have not changed for hundreds of years.
The Zuni live in flat roofed, stone adobe houses. Today their economy relies upon the sale of pottery as well the fine hand made jewelry for which they are also well known. The Zuni learned silver smithing techniques from the Spanish and Mexicans. Initially their jewellery was used to trade with other tribes. In the 20th century, however, they came to realise that selling to tourists could provide a substantial boost to their economy.
The Zuni Reservation is isolated from the outside world. This allows the people to go about their existence relatively unencumbered by modern western civilization. They still live a peaceful, deeply religious existence. The reliance on corn as a mainstay of their economy has been replaced, however, by the tourist trade in pottery and jewellery.
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